Culture and Civilization
Culture is always related to the human thought process before acting and creating what is desired. Culture also does not depend on biological inheritance and inheritance through genetic elements, because culture is obtained by a person through the learning process in the lives of members of the community concerned.
If viewed from the origin he said culture comes from sangsekerta language that is Buddhism which means mind and reason, so culture can be interpreted as a system of knowledge of ways and mindsets of people in behaving and as ideas that guide their lives or things concerned with mind or reason (Soerjono Soekanto, 2006: 150).
According to J.J. Hoenigman, cultural forms are divided into three: ideas, activities, and artifacts.
Ideas (ideal form)
The ideal form of culture is culture in the form of a collection of ideas, ideas, values, norms, regulations, etc. that are abstract in nature that cannot be touched or touched. This form of culture lies in the heads or in the realm of the thinking of the citizens. If the community expresses their ideas in written form, then the location of the ideal culture is in the essays and books of the writings of the citizens of that community.
Activity (action)
Activity is a form of culture as a patterned action from humans in that society. This form is often referred to as the social system. This social system consists of human activities that interact with each other, make contact, and mingle with other humans according to certain patterns based on customary behavior.
Artifacts (works)
Artifact is a form of physical culture in the form of the results of the activities, deeds, and works of all humans in society in the form of objects or things that can be touched, seen, and documented. The most concrete nature among the three forms of culture. In the reality of social life, between the forms of culture that one can not be separated from other forms of culture. For example: the ideal form of culture regulates and gives direction to the actions (activities) and human works (artifacts).
Culture and Civilization (Culture and Civilization)
Among scholars until now there are often differences of opinion regarding these two terms which are often mixed, even opinions among scholars sometimes sometimes conflict with each other:
Bierens De Hann, opposes the notion of culture and civilization as follows, civilization is the whole of social, political, economic, and technical life. So civilization is a field of life for practical uses. Whereas civic is all that comes from a higher and purer desire and passion that is above the practical goals of social relations. Which includes culture, namely music, poetry, ethics, religion, pure science and philosophy.
Oswald Spengler (1880-1936), according to him, culture is a form of all human life, nation, customs, industry, philosophy and so on. All cultures experience time, birth, youth, adulthood, old age, death, just like ordinary plants. Spengler distinguishes culture and civilization as follows: culture is a culture that is still alive can grow and develop. Civilizatiaon is a culture that cannot grow anymore, is dead.
Prof. Dr. Koentjaraningrat, Understanding of civilization are parts of subtle and beautiful culture such as art and science. Often the word civilization is also used to refer to a culture that has a building art, visual art, state system, science and so on.