Research by Data Type and Analysis
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is research that uses quantitative data (data in the form of numbers or data that is collated). The quantitative method is called the traditional method, because this method has been inherited as a method for research. This method is called positivistic method because it is based on the philosophy of positivism.
This method is a scientific method because it has fulfilled scientific principles which are concrete, objective, measurable, rational, and systematic. This method is also called the discovery method, because with this method can be found and developed a variety of new science and technology. This method is called quantitative because the research data in the form of numbers and analysis using statistics.
So, the quantitative method is a method used to examine a particular population or sample, sampling techniques are generally carried out randomly, data collection using research instruments, data analysis is quantitative / statistical in order to test the hypothesis that has been applied.
Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is research that uses qualitative data (data in the form of data, sentences, schematics, and images). The qualitative research method is called the new method because of its recent popularity, it is called the postpositivistic method because it is based on the philosophy of postpositivism.
This method is also referred to as an artistic method, because the research process is more art (less patterned) and is called an interpretive method because the research results are more concerned with the interpretation of data found in the field.
So the qualitative research method can be interpreted as a research method used to examine natural object conditions, (as opposed to being an experiment) where the researcher is a key instrument, data source sampling is done by triangulation (combined), data analysis is inductive / qualitative, and qualitative research results emphasize more meaning than generalization.
Judging from its purpose
Judging from the purpose of the study grouped into several sections, including:
Explorative research is research that aims to find new knowledge;
Development research is research that aims to develop existing knowledge;
Verificative research is research that aims to test the truth of existing knowledge;
Historical research is research that describes the sciences that already exist, the process includes investigation, recording, analysis and interpretation of existing events with the aim of finding generalizations;
Descriptive research is research that aims to describe things that are happening now;
Experimental research is research that aims to describe what happens if certain variables are controlled certain.
Various Research Data
The types of data that are usually used for research that can be explained as follows:
Qualitative data is data that is expressed in the form of words, sketch sentences and drawings which usually show a certain quality.
Quantitative data is data in the form of numbers or data that is leveraged, usually in the form of statistics.
Discrete data (nominal data) is data that can only be classified separately, discrete or in categories.
Continuum data is data that varies by level and is obtained from measurement results.
Ordinal is data in the form of ranking or ranking.
Intervals are data that are the same distance but do not have absolute 0 (zero) values.
Ratio is data that is the same distance.
Variable is an attribute of a person or object that has variations between one person and another or one object with another object, or certain activities that have certain variations that are determined by researchers to be studied and concluded. The types of variables can be divided into independent variables / independent variables, dependent variables / dependent variables, moderator variables, intervening variables, and control variables.
Types and Examples of Research Methodologies
The etymology methodology is interpreted as a science that discusses research methods. Research methodology is a strategy or basic principle used in a study to make it easier to get data. The types and examples of research methodology are as follows:
Survey Research
Survey research methodology is a type of method that uses a questionnaire or questionnaire as a research instrument to obtain primary data. Thus the design of the questionnaire that has been designed will be shown to individuals who are respondents or as subjects filling in the questionnaire. This survey research belongs to the type of quantitative research.
Respondents involved in survey research are as part of a research sample that represents the population. The difference between the sample and the population is that, the population is the whole population while the sample is those who represent it in the study.
In determining the sample must use appropriate techniques so that the samples obtained are representative. Therefore, to obtain the sample a relevant sampling technique was applied to obtain a representative sample.
Survey research can be exemplified as follows, for example research on "What obstacles are faced by high school teachers in Bandar Lampung in applying curriculum-based learning 2013". Thus the questionnaire designed contains several questions that will be asked to the teacher as a research sample.
Experimental Research
Experimental research is a type of quantitative research. Researchers carry out experiments with clear hypotheses and goals. For example, want to see how influential the learning method uses the experimental method with lectures on student learning outcomes.
In general, this experimental study divides the object of research into two groups to get data in accordance with the objectives. One group was used as an experimental target, while the other group was used as a control.
In experimental studies the control group acts as a comparison against the target group. From the results of a comparison between the two groups that will produce experimental research data. Examples of studies that can apply experimental methodologies, for example "The effect of green open space on the reduction in the level of aggressiveness of the citizens of Jakarta".
Longitudinal Research
Longitudinal research is a research method designed to measure a change or development of a phenomenon in a long period of time. In general, longitudinal studies usually apply surveys to obtain data from research samples.
Reviewing because this research requires quite a long time, the research sample must be visited again at least once to conduct a survey. Longitudinal research consists of two types, namely panel studies and cohort studies.
Grounded Research
Grounded research is a type of qualitative research. This study focuses on finding new theories derived from "grounded" on existing data in the field.
Therefore, researchers who use this type of grounded research do not use concepts or theories that have been discovered by other scientists to reference research support sources. Examples of grounded research, for example, researchers study the actions and interactions of social life that occur as a reference for research.